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November 1, 1526 – Birth of Katarina Jagellonica, Queen of Sweden, wife of King Johan III of Sweden, in Krakow, Poland
Katarina was the daughter of Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Due to in-fighting among the sons of the deceased King Gustav I Vasa of Sweden, Katarina was married to the future King Johan III of Sweden. In exchange for marrying Katarina, Johan received a substantial sum of money and land in Livonia (located in present-day Estonia and Latvia) which then hindered the expansionist policy of his half-brother King Erik XIV.  In January 1569, the Riksdag (parliament) legally dethroned Erik. Johan and Katarina were crowned King and Queen of Sweden on July 10, 1569. As Queen Consort of Sweden, Katarina had much political influence and influenced her husband in many areas, such as his foreign policy and his interest in Renaissance art. In the spring of 1583, Katarina became seriously ill with gout, and after much suffering, she died, aged 56.
Unofficial Royalty: Katarina Jagellonica, Queen of Sweden

November 1, 1661 – Birth of Louis of France, Le Grand Dauphin, eldest son and heir of King Louis XIV of France, at the Château de Fontainebleau in France
Louis of France was the only child of King Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain to survive childhood. As the heir apparent to the French throne, he was styled Dauphin of France and was called Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his eldest son Louis who was called Le Petit Dauphin. Louis married his second cousin Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria and they had three sons. King Louis XIV outlived both his son and his eldest grandson and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson King Louis XV when he died in 1715. However, the second son of Louis of France, Le Grand Dauphin, Philippe, Duke of Anjou, succeeded to the Spanish throne as King Felipe V via his Spanish grandmother after the Spanish Habsburgs died out, and the House of Bourbon still sits upon the Spanish throne.
Unofficial Royalty: Louis of France, Le Grand Dauphin

November 1, 1700 – Death of King Carlos II of Spain at Royal Alcazar of Madrid  in Spain; buried at the Monastery of San Lorenzo El Real in El Escorial, Spain
Carlos II was the last Spanish king from the House of Habsburg. He had physical and mental conditions probably caused by the continued inbreeding of the House of Habsburg. Carlos was a weak, sick child from birth. He did not learn to talk until he was four years old and could not walk until he was eight years old. Like many of the Habsburg family, Carlos had the Habsburg jaw (mandibular prognathism), a disfiguring genetic disorder in which the lower jaw outgrows the upper jaw. When Carlos died without children, the Spanish House of Habsburg became extinct. Carlos II was succeeded by his half-sister’s grandson Philippe of France, Duke of Anjou who reigned as Felipe V, King of Spain, the first monarch of the House of Bourbon which still reigns in the Kingdom of Spain today.
Unofficial Royalty: King Carlos II of Spain

November 1, 1773 – Birth of Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia, wife of  Vittorio Emanuele I, King of Sardinia, at the Royal Palace of Milan in the Duchy of Milan, now in Italy
In 1789, Maria Theresa married the future Vittorio Emanuele I, King of Sardinia. They had six daughters and one son who died in early childhood from smallpox. Their five surviving daughters all married reigning monarchs. In 1802, Maria Theresa’s husband Vittorio Emanuele became King of Sardinia upon the abdication of his brother Carlo Emanuele. In March 1821, liberal revolutions were occurring throughout Italy. However, Vittorio Emanuele I was not willing to grant a liberal constitution so he abdicated the throne of Sardinia in favor of his brother Carlo Felice. Vittorio Emanuele died in 1824, aged 64. Maria Theresa survived her husband by eight years. She died unexpectedly, aged 58, on March 29, 1832.
Unofficial Royalty: Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia

November 1, 1778 – Birth of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden at Stockholm Palace in Stockholm, Sweden
King Gustav IV Adolf became king at the age of 13 when his father was assassinated and was deposed 17 years later in a coup. In 1797, Gustav IV Adolf married Frederica of Baden and the couple had five children. The occupation of Finland, a territory of Sweden, in 1808 – 1809 by Russian forces was the immediate cause of Gustav Adolf’s overthrow by officers of his own army. Prince Karl, Gustav Adolf’s uncle, agreed to form a provisional government, and the Swedish parliament gave their approval for the coup. Prince Karl was proclaimed King Karl XIII of Sweden on June 6, 1809. In December 1809, Gustav Adolf and his family were sent into exile. Gustav Adolf and his family settled in Frederica’s home country, the Grand Duchy of Baden. However, the couple became incompatible and divorced in 1812. Gustav Adolf ultimately settled in a small hotel in St. Gallen, Switzerland where he lived in great loneliness. On February 7, 1837, Gustav Adolf suffered a stroke and died at the age of 58.
Unofficial Royalty: King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden

November 1, 1860 – Death of Charlotte of Prussia, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, wife of Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia, at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia; buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia
Charlotte was the eldest of the four daughters and the third of the nine children of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and Luise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Charlotte’s two elder brothers both became Kings of Prussia and the younger of the two brothers was the first German Emperor. In 1817, Charlotte married Grand Nicholas Pavlovich, the future Nicholas I, Emperor of All Russia. She converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Alexandra Feodorovna. The couple had seven children.  Because Nicholas’ eldest brother Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia had no surviving children and the second brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich made a morganatic marriage, Nicholas succeeded his brother in 1825. Nicholas died in 1855, and his eldest son succeeded him as Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia. Empress Alexandra Feodorovna survived her husband by five years, dying at the age of 62 on November 1, 1860, at the Alexander Palace. She was buried next to her husband at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
Unofficial Royalty: Charlotte of Prussia, Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of All Russia

November 1, 1864 – Birth of Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna of Russia, wife of Grand Duke Serge Alexandrovich of Russia, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, at Bessungen, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, now in Hesse, Germany
Full name: Elisabeth Alexandra Luise Alice
Elisabeth (Ella) was the daughter of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. In 1884, Ella married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, son of Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia. After her marriage, Ella was known as Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna. Sergei and Ella did not have any children of their own. However, they later took in the children of Sergei’s brother Paul, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna (the younger), and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich. In 1905, Sergei was assassinated by a bomb. Four years after her husband’s assassination, Ella sold all her jewelry and with the proceeds opened the Convent of Saints Martha and Mary and became its abbess. Ella was one of the Romanovs killed by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.
Unofficial Royalty: Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, Grand Duchess Elisabeth Feodorovna of Russia
Unofficial Royalty: July 18, 1918 – Execution of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Five Other Romanovs

November 1, 1881 – Birth of Admiral Perikles Ioannidis, second husband of Princess Maria of Greece and Denmark, in Corinth, Greece
From 1917 – 1920, the Greek royal family was in exile after Princess Maria’s brother King Constantine I had been forced from the throne due to disagreements with Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos. In 1920, Maria returned to Greece when her brother King Constantine I was brought back to power. She traveled aboard a Greek destroyer commanded by Admiral Perikles Ioannidis. Maria was determined to marry a Greek and a romance developed.  Maria’s first husband Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia had been killed by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution. Perikles and Maria married in 1922 but they had no children. Their marriage did have its issues. Perikles had mistresses and often gave his mistresses jewelry stolen from his wife. Maria lost money playing backgammon and Perikles was forced to carefully monitor their expenses. Maria died of a heart attack in 1940. Perikles spent the remainder of his life devoted to philanthropy and public service. He was president of the Piraeus Yacht Club and a benefactor of the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece. He bequeathed his collection of photographs and historical items to the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece and the society’s collection is now housed at the National Historical Museum in Athens. Admiral Perikles Ioannidis survived his wife by twenty-five years, dying at the age of 83.
Unofficial Royalty: Admiral Perikles Ioannidis

November 1, 1894 – Death of Alexander III, Emperor of All Russia at Livadia Palace in the Crimea, Russia; buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia
In 1866, Alexander III married Princess Dagmar of Denmark, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. They had six children including the ill-fated Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia. Alexander III became Emperor of All Russia in 1881 upon the assassination of his father Alexander II, Emperor of All Russia. Because of his father’s assassination, Alexander III’s reign was reactionary. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed a proclamation creating a consulting group to advise the Emperor, which some considered a step toward constitutional monarchy. The new emperor, Alexander III, canceled the new policy before it was published. In 1894, Alexander became ill with nephritis, a kidney disorder. His condition rapidly deteriorated and he died on November 1, 1894, at the age of 49.
Unofficial Royalty: Alexander III, Emperor of All of Russia

November 1, 1906 – Death of Archduke Otto Franz of Austria, father of Karl I, the last Emperor of Austria, at a villa in Währing, a district of Vienna, Austria; buried in the Imperial Crypt at the Capuchin Church in Vienna, Austria
Otto Franz of Austria was the father of Karl I, the last Emperor of Austria, and the brother of the ill-fated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria whose assassination in 1914 was one of the causes of World War I. Otto Franz married Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony and the couple had two sons. By 1900, it was clear that Otto Franz had contracted syphilis and he withdrew from public life. He was in agonizing pain for the last two years of his life and was forced to replace his nose with a rubber prosthetic due to the facial deformity caused by syphilis. On November 1, 1906, Archduke Otto Franz, aged forty-one, died.
Unofficial Royalty: Archduke Otto Franz of Austria

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